Adults also need to get these nine vaccines.
Original Tencent medical code
Never think that "vaccination is a child’s business". Even if you are an adult, it is very important to vaccinate in time & it is very important to replenish the vaccine that was missed before.
According to the report of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 50,000 to 90,000 American adults die of vaccine-preventable diseases every year, such as pneumococcal diseases, influenza and hepatitis [1], and this statistic does not count cervical cancer caused by HPV (more than 5,000 people died of cervical cancer in the United States in 2018 [2]).
In this article, we have summarized 9 vaccines that adults need to consider:
Influenza vaccine: suitable for children and adults over 6 months old.
Herpes zoster vaccine: suitable for people over 50 years old.
23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: recommended for people with special health conditions over 2 years old and the elderly.
HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine: suitable for all women aged 9-45.
Hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis E vaccine: Adults should also be vaccinated in time.
Chickenpox vaccine, measles, rubella and mumps vaccine: special circumstances, protecting adults.
If you don’t want to read the text, you can directly drop it down to the end of the article. We have sorted out the suitable vaccination population and vaccination methods of these nine vaccines in detail, and summarized them into a table for you to save to your mobile phone for comparison.
Many people misunderstand the lethality of the flu and think that the flu is just like a cold.
In fact, influenza is a very dangerous respiratory infectious disease.
Influenza can cause 290,000 ~ 650,000 respiratory disease-related deaths worldwide every year [3].
Maybe you will think, "I’m an adult and I’m in good health, so I don’t have to fight."
But unfortunately, the flu is a disease that the whole population is susceptible to. Even if they are not sick, adults are running around every day, and it is easy to bring the flu virus back to the elderly or children at home.
Therefore, people of all ages over 6 months old are advised to complete influenza vaccination in autumn and winter every year, preferably before the end of October [3].
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The pathogen of herpes zoster is called varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is a neurovirus.
People who have experienced the onset of herpes zoster, the biggest feeling is "pain"-pain like knife cutting, fire and electric shock.
Many people even say that it is comparable to childbirth pain and cancer pain. In fact, the pain of herpes zoster can also lead to suicide [4].
As long as you have been infected before (such as chicken pox when you were a child), the virus may lurk in the body for a long time. Once your immunity drops, it will come out and "mess up", leading to herpes zoster.
There is no specific treatment for this disease at present, and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent it [5].
Therefore, it is recommended that people aged 50 and above should be vaccinated against herpes zoster as much as possible.
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Don’t think that "pneumonia is nothing to be afraid of". In fact, in addition to "pneumonia", Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen causing meningitis, otitis media, bacteremia and other infections, and it is also the main cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
About 1 million people worldwide die of pneumococcal pneumonia every year, and the mortality rate among the elderly and high-risk groups is as high as 30%~40%[6].
Vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine can effectively prevent 23 common Streptococcus pneumoniae infections that lead to invasive diseases.
The elderly aged 60 and over, as well as the special population over 2 years old, are recommended to be vaccinated with 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.
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Studies have shown that 99.7% of cervical cancer is related to HPV infection [7].
At present, there are three kinds of HPV vaccines on the market, 2-valent, 4-valent and 9-valent. Many people subconsciously think that the 9-valent vaccine is the best. In fact, within the allowable age, the sooner you get HPV vaccine, the better. It is best to get it before you have sexual experience.
If there is a shortage of 9-valent vaccine in your area and it is difficult to make an appointment, you don’t have to force it to be 9-valent.
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It has been more than 40 years since the immunization program in China, during which it has undergone several changes: the immunization program vaccine has expanded from 4 to 14, and the preventable infectious diseases have expanded from 6 to 15.
This means that from the current standards, some adults born earlier may miss some vaccines.
You can look for your own vaccination registration book to check the relevant information, or ask your parents about their own vaccination. If you can’t remember whether you have been vaccinated, you can treat it as "not vaccinated".
If you have not been vaccinated with the following vaccines, you need to consider replanting.
Hepatitis A, B and E vaccine
China is a big country with hepatitis. Viral hepatitis with great harm mainly includes:
Hepatitis A and hepatitis E transmitted through digestive tract, and hepatitis B and hepatitis C transmitted through blood, mother and child [8].
1. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccine was only included in the immunization program in 2008, so many adults have not been vaccinated.
Although hepatitis A has been considered to be well controlled, in recent years, the incidence group of hepatitis A in China is mainly adults. Take Liaoning as an example, the local incidence is mainly adults. The vaccination target of adult hepatitis A vaccine is ≥16 years old, and children are vaccinated at the age of 12 months to 15 months.
2. Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B, which makes many people turn pale, has been effectively controlled in recent years, but it is estimated that the number of patients still exceeds 84 million, and in 2018, more than 90% of hepatitis B virus infected people are adults over 20 years old [9].
What needs to be vigilant is that hepatitis B may also transmit the virus to children through mother-to-child transmission.
3. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E may be very strange to many people, but in fact, there are more than 28,000 cases in China, even more than hepatitis A [10].
Moreover, few people know that hepatitis E, like hepatitis A, is transmitted through the digestive tract, and even less people know that hepatitis E can be prevented by vaccines.
Therefore, if you have never been vaccinated with these three vaccines, you should complete the vaccination as soon as possible according to your own situation.
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Varicella vaccine
Many people think that chickenpox is a disease that only children get. In fact, adults occasionally get sick, and the risk of complications and death of adults with chickenpox is higher than that of children [12].
Chickenpox virus is very easy to spread in a confined space, so it is recommended to vaccinate teachers, white-collar workers, pregnant women and people who may have close contact with chickenpox patients.
Anyone who has never had chickenpox, or who has only had one shot in the past, can be vaccinated or replanted.
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MMR vaccine
The full name of this vaccine is "live attenuated measles, mumps and rubella vaccine", which can be abbreviated as "MMR vaccine".
The measles-mumps vaccine can stimulate the body to produce immunity to measles virus, mumps virus and rubella virus at the same time, thus preventing measles, mumps and rubella.
All three viruses can spread through droplets and are highly contagious.
Moreover, if a woman is infected with rubella during pregnancy, it may lead to congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in irreversible consequences such as abortion and congenital malformation of the fetus [13].
In China, measles vaccine was mainly covered in the early years, and it was not until 2007 that measles vaccine was fully covered.
Therefore, most people born before 2007 suggest re-vaccination.
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Finally, we have summarized the nine vaccination methods mentioned in this article for you in the following table.
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references
[1]Reid KC, Grizzard TA, Poland GA. Adult immunizations: recommendations for practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999 Apr; 74(4):377-84. doi: 10.4065/74.4.377. PMID: 10221468.
[2]HPV Information Centre. United States of America Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers, Fact Sheet 2018.
[3] China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Vaccine Working Group of National Immunization Planning Technology Working Group. Technical Guide for Influenza Vaccination in China (2020-2021).
[4]Chidiac C, Bruxelle J, Daures JP, Hoang-Xuan T, Morel P, Leplège A, Hasnaoui A El, de Labareyre C. Characteristics of patients with herpes zoster on presentation to practitioners in France. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33:62–69.
[5] Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus Working Group of Dermatologists Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Herpes Zoster Expert Consensus in China. Chinese Journal of Dermatology 2018; 51(6): 403-8.
Chinese Preventive Medicine Association and Vaccine and Immunity Branch of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Expert Consensus on Immunoprophylaxis of Pneumococcal Diseases (2017 Edition) [J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine .2018,19 (3): 161-191.
[7]Arbyn M, Weiderpass E, Bruni L, et al. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8(2):e191––e203.
[8] National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China. China Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Plan (2017-2020) [J]. China Journal of Viral Diseases, 2018.
[9]Wang H, Men P, Xiao Y, et al. Hepatitis B infection in the general population of China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1):811. Published 2019 Sep 18.
[10] Brief introduction of epidemic situation of Class A, B and C infectious diseases in China in December 2020 [J]. Disease Surveillance, 2021,36(01):1.
[11]Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, Moore KL, Doshani M, Kamili S, Koneru A, Haber P, Hagan L, Romero JR, Schillie S, Harris AM. Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Jul 3; 69(5):1-38.
[12]Meyer, Pamela, A, et al. Varicella Mortality: Trends before Vaccine Licensure in the United States, 1970-1994.[J]. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000.
[13]Gary s. Marshall. Translated by Zhou Zumu. Vaccine Manual: A Practical Guide for Clinicians [M]. 4th Edition. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press, 2014.
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